Composition API 最佳实践
更新: 10/16/2025 字数: 0 字 时长: 0 分钟
什么是 Composition API
Composition API 是 Vue 3 引入的新特性,提供了一种更灵活的方式来组织组件逻辑。
vue
<script setup>
import { ref, computed, onMounted } from 'vue'
const count = ref(0)
const doubled = computed(() => count.value * 2)
onMounted(() => {
console.log('组件挂载了')
})
</script>
<template>
<div>
<p>Count: {{ count }}</p>
<p>Doubled: {{ doubled }}</p>
</div>
</template>Composition API vs Options API
Options API(Vue 2 风格)
vue
<script>
export default {
data() {
return {
count: 0
}
},
computed: {
doubled() {
return this.count * 2
}
},
methods: {
increment() {
this.count++
}
},
mounted() {
console.log('组件挂载了')
}
}
</script>Composition API(Vue 3 推荐)
vue
<script setup>
import { ref, computed, onMounted } from 'vue'
const count = ref(0)
const doubled = computed(() => count.value * 2)
const increment = () => count.value++
onMounted(() => {
console.log('组件挂载了')
})
</script>为什么选择 Composition API?
优势:
- 更好的逻辑复用 - 通过组合函数(Composables)
- 更好的类型推导 - TypeScript 支持更好
- 更灵活的代码组织 - 按功能组织而非选项
- 更小的打包体积 - Tree-shaking 友好
- 更好的性能 - 无需 this 绑定
响应式 API
ref
typescript
import { ref } from 'vue'
// 基本用法
const count = ref(0)
console.log(count.value) // 0
count.value++ // 1
// 对象
const user = ref({ name: 'Alice', age: 25 })
user.value.age++
// 数组
const list = ref([1, 2, 3])
list.value.push(4)
// 在模板中自动解包vue
<template>
<!-- 无需 .value -->
<div>{{ count }}</div>
</template>reactive
typescript
import { reactive } from 'vue'
// 创建响应式对象
const state = reactive({
count: 0,
user: {
name: 'Alice'
}
})
// 直接访问属性
console.log(state.count)
state.count++
// ⚠️ 注意:reactive 对基本类型无效
const num = reactive(0) // ❌ 错误
const num = ref(0) // ✅ 正确ref vs reactive
typescript
// ✅ ref:适合基本类型和需要重新赋值的情况
const count = ref(0)
const user = ref({ name: 'Alice' })
// 可以重新赋值
user.value = { name: 'Bob' }
// ✅ reactive:适合对象
const state = reactive({
count: 0,
user: { name: 'Alice' }
})
// ❌ 不能重新赋值整个对象
state = reactive({ count: 1 }) // 失去响应性
// ✅ 可以修改属性
state.count = 1
state.user.name = 'Bob'computed
typescript
import { ref, computed } from 'vue'
const count = ref(0)
// 只读计算属性
const doubled = computed(() => count.value * 2)
// 可写计算属性
const doubled = computed({
get() {
return count.value * 2
},
set(newValue) {
count.value = newValue / 2
}
})
doubled.value = 10 // count.value = 5watch 和 watchEffect
typescript
import { ref, watch, watchEffect } from 'vue'
const count = ref(0)
const user = ref({ name: 'Alice', age: 25 })
// watch - 监听特定数据源
watch(count, (newVal, oldVal) => {
console.log(`count: ${oldVal} -> ${newVal}`)
})
// 监听多个数据源
watch([count, () => user.value.age], ([newCount, newAge]) => {
console.log(newCount, newAge)
})
// 深度监听
watch(user, (newVal) => {
console.log('user changed')
}, { deep: true })
// watchEffect - 自动追踪依赖
watchEffect(() => {
console.log(`count: ${count.value}`)
console.log(`age: ${user.value.age}`)
// 自动追踪 count 和 user.age
})
// 立即执行
watch(count, (val) => {
console.log(val)
}, { immediate: true })生命周期钩子
typescript
import {
onBeforeMount,
onMounted,
onBeforeUpdate,
onUpdated,
onBeforeUnmount,
onUnmounted,
onActivated,
onDeactivated,
onErrorCaptured
} from 'vue'
export default {
setup() {
// 创建阶段
console.log('setup()')
// 挂载前
onBeforeMount(() => {
console.log('onBeforeMount')
})
// 挂载后
onMounted(() => {
console.log('onMounted')
})
// 更新前
onBeforeUpdate(() => {
console.log('onBeforeUpdate')
})
// 更新后
onUpdated(() => {
console.log('onUpdated')
})
// 卸载前
onBeforeUnmount(() => {
console.log('onBeforeUnmount')
})
// 卸载后
onUnmounted(() => {
console.log('onUnmounted')
})
// Keep-alive 激活
onActivated(() => {
console.log('onActivated')
})
// Keep-alive 停用
onDeactivated(() => {
console.log('onDeactivated')
})
// 错误捕获
onErrorCaptured((err, instance, info) => {
console.log('Error:', err)
return false // 阻止错误向上传播
})
}
}Composables(组合函数)
什么是 Composables
Composables 是利用 Composition API 实现的可复用逻辑函数。
1. 鼠标位置追踪
typescript
// composables/useMouse.ts
import { ref, onMounted, onUnmounted } from 'vue'
export function useMouse() {
const x = ref(0)
const y = ref(0)
function update(event: MouseEvent) {
x.value = event.pageX
y.value = event.pageY
}
onMounted(() => {
window.addEventListener('mousemove', update)
})
onUnmounted(() => {
window.removeEventListener('mousemove', update)
})
return { x, y }
}
// 使用
<script setup>
import { useMouse } from './composables/useMouse'
const { x, y } = useMouse()
</script>
<template>
<div>鼠标位置:{{ x }}, {{ y }}</div>
</template>2. 数据获取
typescript
// composables/useFetch.ts
import { ref } from 'vue'
export function useFetch<T>(url: string) {
const data = ref<T | null>(null)
const error = ref<Error | null>(null)
const loading = ref(false)
async function fetchData() {
loading.value = true
error.value = null
try {
const response = await fetch(url)
data.value = await response.json()
} catch (e) {
error.value = e as Error
} finally {
loading.value = false
}
}
fetchData()
return { data, error, loading, refetch: fetchData }
}
// 使用
<script setup>
const { data, error, loading, refetch } = useFetch('/api/users')
</script>
<template>
<div v-if="loading">加载中...</div>
<div v-else-if="error">错误:{{ error.message }}</div>
<div v-else>
<ul>
<li v-for="user in data" :key="user.id">
{{ user.name }}
</li>
</ul>
<button @click="refetch">刷新</button>
</div>
</template>3. 本地存储
typescript
// composables/useLocalStorage.ts
import { ref, watch } from 'vue'
export function useLocalStorage<T>(key: string, defaultValue: T) {
const data = ref<T>(defaultValue)
// 从 localStorage 读取
const stored = localStorage.getItem(key)
if (stored) {
try {
data.value = JSON.parse(stored)
} catch (e) {
console.error(e)
}
}
// 监听变化并保存
watch(
data,
(newValue) => {
localStorage.setItem(key, JSON.stringify(newValue))
},
{ deep: true }
)
return data
}
// 使用
<script setup>
const theme = useLocalStorage('theme', 'light')
</script>4. 防抖和节流
typescript
// composables/useDebounce.ts
import { ref, watch } from 'vue'
export function useDebounce<T>(value: Ref<T>, delay: number = 300) {
const debouncedValue = ref(value.value)
let timeoutId: number
watch(value, (newValue) => {
clearTimeout(timeoutId)
timeoutId = setTimeout(() => {
debouncedValue.value = newValue
}, delay)
})
return debouncedValue
}
// 使用
<script setup>
const searchQuery = ref('')
const debouncedQuery = useDebounce(searchQuery, 500)
watch(debouncedQuery, (query) => {
// 执行搜索
searchAPI(query)
})
</script>5. 异步状态
typescript
// composables/useAsync.ts
import { ref } from 'vue'
export function useAsync<T>(fn: () => Promise<T>) {
const data = ref<T | null>(null)
const error = ref<Error | null>(null)
const loading = ref(false)
async function execute() {
loading.value = true
error.value = null
try {
data.value = await fn()
} catch (e) {
error.value = e as Error
} finally {
loading.value = false
}
}
return { data, error, loading, execute }
}
// 使用
<script setup>
const { data, error, loading, execute } = useAsync(async () => {
const response = await fetch('/api/data')
return response.json()
})
// 手动触发
execute()
</script>组件通信
1. Props 和 Emits
vue
<!-- 父组件 -->
<script setup>
import { ref } from 'vue'
import Child from './Child.vue'
const message = ref('Hello')
const handleUpdate = (newMsg) => {
message.value = newMsg
}
</script>
<template>
<Child :message="message" @update="handleUpdate" />
</template>
<!-- 子组件 -->
<script setup>
// 定义 props
const props = defineProps<{
message: string
}>()
// 定义 emits
const emit = defineEmits<{
update: [message: string]
}>()
// 触发事件
const handleClick = () => {
emit('update', 'New message')
}
</script>
<template>
<div>
<p>{{ message }}</p>
<button @click="handleClick">更新</button>
</div>
</template>2. Provide / Inject
vue
<!-- 祖先组件 -->
<script setup>
import { provide, ref } from 'vue'
const theme = ref('dark')
provide('theme', theme)
// 提供只读值
provide('readonly-theme', readonly(theme))
</script>
<!-- 后代组件 -->
<script setup>
import { inject } from 'vue'
const theme = inject('theme')
// 带默认值
const locale = inject('locale', 'zh-CN')
</script>3. Template Refs
vue
<script setup>
import { ref, onMounted } from 'vue'
const inputRef = ref<HTMLInputElement | null>(null)
const childRef = ref<InstanceType<typeof Child> | null>(null)
onMounted(() => {
// 访问 DOM 元素
inputRef.value?.focus()
// 访问子组件实例
childRef.value?.someMethod()
})
</script>
<template>
<input ref="inputRef" />
<Child ref="childRef" />
</template>高级技巧
1. 响应式转换
typescript
import { ref, reactive, toRef, toRefs, isRef, unref } from 'vue'
const state = reactive({
count: 0,
user: { name: 'Alice' }
})
// toRef - 创建单个属性的 ref
const count = toRef(state, 'count')
// toRefs - 将响应式对象转换为普通对象,每个属性都是 ref
const { count, user } = toRefs(state)
// isRef - 检查是否是 ref
if (isRef(count)) {
console.log(count.value)
}
// unref - 获取 ref 的值(如果是 ref 就返回 .value,否则返回本身)
const value = unref(count)2. 浅层响应式
typescript
import { shallowRef, shallowReactive, triggerRef } from 'vue'
// shallowRef - 只有 .value 的变化会触发响应
const state = shallowRef({ count: 0 })
state.value.count++ // 不会触发更新
state.value = { count: 1 } // 会触发更新
// 手动触发更新
state.value.count++
triggerRef(state)
// shallowReactive - 只有根级属性是响应式的
const state = shallowReactive({
count: 0,
nested: { value: 0 }
})
state.count++ // 会触发更新
state.nested.value++ // 不会触发更新3. 自定义 ref
typescript
import { customRef } from 'vue'
// 防抖 ref
function useDebouncedRef(value: any, delay: number = 200) {
let timeout: number
return customRef((track, trigger) => {
return {
get() {
track() // 追踪依赖
return value
},
set(newValue) {
clearTimeout(timeout)
timeout = setTimeout(() => {
value = newValue
trigger() // 触发更新
}, delay)
}
}
})
}
// 使用
const text = useDebouncedRef('', 500)4. EffectScope
typescript
import { effectScope, ref, watchEffect } from 'vue'
const scope = effectScope()
scope.run(() => {
const count = ref(0)
watchEffect(() => {
console.log(count.value)
})
// 在 scope 中创建的所有副作用
})
// 停止 scope 中的所有副作用
scope.stop()最佳实践
1. 组合函数命名
typescript
// ✅ 使用 use 前缀
export function useMouse() {}
export function useFetch() {}
export function useLocalStorage() {}
// ❌ 避免
export function getMouse() {}
export function fetchData() {}2. 返回值
typescript
// ✅ 返回对象,方便按需解构
export function useMouse() {
const x = ref(0)
const y = ref(0)
return { x, y }
}
const { x } = useMouse() // 只使用 x
// ✅ 使用 readonly 防止外部修改
import { readonly } from 'vue'
export function useStore() {
const state = reactive({ count: 0 })
return {
state: readonly(state),
increment: () => state.count++
}
}3. 副作用清理
typescript
export function useEventListener(target: EventTarget, event: string, callback: Function) {
onMounted(() => {
target.addEventListener(event, callback)
})
// ✅ 确保清理
onUnmounted(() => {
target.removeEventListener(event, callback)
})
}4. TypeScript 类型
typescript
import { Ref } from 'vue'
// ✅ 为 composable 提供类型
export function useFetch<T>(url: string): {
data: Ref<T | null>
error: Ref<Error | null>
loading: Ref<boolean>
refetch: () => Promise<void>
} {
// ...
}
// 使用
interface User {
id: number
name: string
}
const { data } = useFetch<User[]>('/api/users')
// data 的类型是 Ref<User[] | null>5. 避免过度抽象
typescript
// ❌ 过度抽象
export function useCounter(initialValue = 0) {
const count = ref(initialValue)
const increment = () => count.value++
const decrement = () => count.value--
return { count, increment, decrement }
}
// ✅ 简单逻辑直接写在组件中
<script setup>
const count = ref(0)
const increment = () => count.value++
</script>性能优化
1. 使用 computed 缓存计算结果
typescript
// ❌ 每次都重新计算
const fullName = () => {
return user.firstName + ' ' + user.lastName
}
// ✅ 只在依赖变化时重新计算
const fullName = computed(() => {
return user.firstName + ' ' + user.lastName
})2. watchEffect vs watch
typescript
// 如果需要访问旧值,使用 watch
watch(count, (newVal, oldVal) => {
console.log('Changed from', oldVal, 'to', newVal)
})
// 如果不需要旧值,使用 watchEffect
watchEffect(() => {
console.log('Count is', count.value)
})3. 使用 shallowRef 处理大型数据
typescript
// ❌ 深层响应式,性能开销大
const bigData = ref(largeArray)
// ✅ 浅层响应式,只在整体替换时响应
const bigData = shallowRef(largeArray)总结
Composition API 的核心要点:
响应式 API
- ref - 基本类型和对象
- reactive - 对象
- computed - 计算属性
- watch/watchEffect - 监听器
组合函数(Composables)
- 复用逻辑
- use 前缀命名
- 返回响应式数据
生命周期
- 使用 onXxx 钩子
- 在 setup 中调用
最佳实践
- 合理使用 ref vs reactive
- 善用 computed 缓存
- 正确清理副作用
- TypeScript 类型支持
Composition API 让 Vue 3 更加灵活和强大!